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Curator
Zheming Gui
Hi, I am a senior at Nanjing Foreign Language School. As an anthropology student with a biological knowledge background, I am particularly curious about how other cultures understand health, illness, and medicine as I conduct my own fieldwork. In my own fieldwork experience, I have observed some alternative medical practices and investigated the social milieu in which they are situated, including the religious rites, societal norms, and bodily practices that are intertwined with these practices. Since I have become accustomed to the superiority of Western science, I was astounded by the perspectives on medicine that came from looking at it through non-Western lenses.
I'll use this museum as a creative platform to demonstrate my command of medical anthropology. I'll concentrate on how medicine is practiced from a material standpoint, which is the antithesis of the spiritual world that I have previously conducted academic research into. I intend to demonstrate some Chinese medicine, ethnomedicine, and other alternative medical practices that I have learned about during my reading and fieldwork through images and videos I present in this museum. I hope this museum can give you some fresh viewpoints.
Medical treatments that are substituted for mainstream conventional therapies are referred to as alternative medicine. It includes medical practices that can achieve the healing effect despite lacking biological plausibility, testability, repeatability, or evidence from clinical trials. Under the current Western-oriented medical paradigm, these practices are frequently viewed as pseudoscience or quackery.
Philosophers have argued about the distinction between science and pseudoscience for a very long time, and to encapsulate the debate, they proposed the well-known "demarcation problem." This issue is particularly significant to us in the field of medicine because the conceptualized entity of medicine can affect how we are treated, how we are feeling, and even how long we live.
In this museum, you can see some practices of Chinese medicine and ethnomedicine, which broadly refers to the traditional medical practices concerned with the cultural interpretation of health, diseases, and illness that addresses the healthcare process and healing practices. Three statues can be found in the center of this museum. They discuss unusual ways of viewing the human body, illness, and medicine, respectively. The concepts will help you comprehend medical procedures that may seem bizarre to you. Then, four collections of medical practices will be displayed on each museum wall. Each collection displays a few practices or treatments in a particular cultural context, including major Chinese culture, Yi culture, Hui culture, and Mongol culture.
The distinct lifestyles of the various ethnic groups are all closely entwined with the medical practices I have gathered. They have used those therapies in their own homes for countless generations. Some people use herbal remedies they randomly select, which develops into a methodical approach to using medicinal plants. Some people create a medical system based on an immaterial concept that gives rise to many bodily practices with tangible effects. Our history and underlying cultural logic may pull us in one direction and reveal our embodied selves when our intuitions pull us in the opposite direction, rendering those practices as exotically unreliable or alienated.
Most Chinese people may have encountered these practices in their daily life, while people from other countries may find these medicine hard to understand. I only briefly introduce the practices by mentioning their processes, functions, and some subliminal messages that are connected to my academic perspectives, because it would take much more than this small museum to fully explain all of these practices from a biological perspective. Because this museum is about bodily disease itself, regardless of social experience, I will use the word "disease" throughout the entire text instead of the words "illness" or "sickness." As I have always acknowledged, there is no scientific evidence to support these practices, so please do not place your complete trust in them. I'm hoping this collection will serve as a reminder of some outdated medical procedures that are still worth investigating due to their potency. You might learn about some possibilities from these practices that lie outside the boundaries of the commonly accepted Western medicine. Please reconsider how our bodies, illnesses, and medications work in order to gain some fresh insights.
Image Credits
A skeletal figure surveying three doctors around a cauldron, a parody of Macbeth and the three witches; promoting James Morison's alternative medicines. Lithograph. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
A mesmerist using animal magnetism on a seated female patient. Wood engraving, ca. 1845. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
A treatise on the pulse published by Wang. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
A quack doctor selling his remedies on the streets of London - despite objections. Wood engraving by E.L. Sambourne, 1893. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Works Cited
Kleinman, Arthur. The illness narratives: Suffering, healing, and the human condition. Basic books, 2020.
策展人
归哲明
您好，我是南京外国语学校的一名高三学生。作为一位有着生物学知识背景的人类学学生，我对不同文化语境下人们对医学、健康和疾病的理解尤其感兴趣。在我自己的田野调查经历中，我观察到了种种另类医学实践并且研究了它们所处的社会语境，包括与这些医术几乎融为一体的宗教仪式、公众态度、身体实践。当站在一个非西方的角度观察这些另类医学时，我被这些与我所熟知的西方医学完全不同的治疗方法所震撼。
这间博物馆是我在医学人类学领域的一次尝试——我试图从物质性的角度来理解医学的构建和发生。我过往的研究关注的往往是人们的思维和人们通过想象构建出的世界，而这次我选择通过博物馆这一完全基于实体性的物质存在而构建空间的展览形式分享我对于医学的理解。通过照片和视频，我想展现我在田野工作和阅读中关注并收集到的另类医学实践，主要是中医和民族医学。希望博物馆能给您带来一些独特的视角。
另类医学是不同于主流疗法的医疗手段，包括了具有治疗效果却缺少生物学依据的医疗实践。这些疗法常常因与西方主流的医学相矛盾而被当作伪科学或庸医术。
长期以来，哲学家们就科学与伪科学的界限问题进行了争论，并提出了著名的划界问题来囊括争论的内容。在医学领域，这个问题对我们特别重要，因为我们对治疗的选择、我们的健康状况、甚至我们的生命都可以由我们所概念化的医学来决定。
这个博物馆展示了一些中医和民族医学的医疗实践。民族医学广义上是指关乎特定文化所解释的健康、疾病和疾痛，涉及医疗过程和治疗实践。你首先会看到博物馆中央的三座雕像。他们分别提供了看待身体、疾病和医学的不同角度。这些想法将引导你理解对你来说可能很奇怪的医疗实践。然后，你将在博物馆的每一面墙上看到四组医疗实践收集。每组收藏都展示了在特定文化背景下的一些实践和疗法，包括主要的中国文化、彝族文化、回族文化和蒙古文化。
我所收集到的医疗实践，都与少数民族的特殊生活方式密切相关。几千年来，他们在自己的生活环境中实践了这些疗法。一些人在收集草药的随机性过程中竟然制定了一套系统的草药使用方法。一些人在一个完全没有物质的基础的概念上构建了一系列医学理论，并衍生出了许多有实际效果的身体实践。当我们的直觉把我们拉向一个方向、让我们感觉那些实践极不可靠或疏远时，我们的历史和潜在的文化逻辑可能会把我们拉向相反的方向，揭示我们的具象化的自我。
大部分中国人在日常生活中或多或少遇到过这些实践，而其他国家的人却可能很难理解它们。如果从生物学的角度来详细解释这些实践，需要的远远不止这个小博物馆，所以我将仅仅简单地介绍这些实践，提及它们的过程、功能，以及一些与我的学术观点相关的隐藏信息。在整篇文章中，我主要使用“疾病(disease)”而非“疾痛(illness)”或“病患姿势(sickness)”，因为这间博物馆是围绕对于身体性的疾病本身的理解而展开的。 请不要完全相信这些做法，因为，正如我一直承认的，它们没有得到科学验证。我希望这些收藏将提醒你一些被遗忘的医疗实践，它们很有效，所以依然仍然值得被探索。我想这些实践至少可以向你展示一些可能性，这些可能性超出了当今被普遍接受的西方医疗体系的能够想象的领域。如果可能，请重新审视我们的身体、疾病和药物以获得一些全新的体验。
图片来源
A skeletal figure surveying three doctors around a cauldron, a parody of Macbeth and the three witches; promoting James Morison's alternative medicines. Lithograph. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
A mesmerist using animal magnetism on a seated female patient. Wood engraving, ca. 1845. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
A treatise on the pulse published by Wang. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
A quack doctor selling his remedies on the streets of London - despite objections. Wood engraving by E.L. Sambourne, 1893. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
作品引用
Kleinman, Arthur. The illness narratives: Suffering, healing, and the human condition. Basic books, 2020.
Body: What is a body? What does body entail? What is the boundary of body?
From a Western perspective, the body is defined by fixed forms and is made up of different anatomical structures.. Greek medicine tend to separate body from its surrounding nature, and pursue investigation through the search for foundations, the demand for demonstration, and incontrovertibility.
Traditional Indian and Chinese conceptions of the body were deemed crude or fanciful because they were not anchored in the details of dissection. Āyurvedic tradition emphasizes three humours that create predictable connections between the microcosmic body and the greater macrocosm. Traditonal Chinese Medicine regards body, society, universe all as a whole. It explores correspondences, resonances, interconnections, favoring the formation of syntheses unifying widely divergent fields of inquiry, and stresses the fluidity of body represented by Qi.
Body is formless. It’s fluid. It involves interactions between physical, social, and cosmic systems. Its dynamic nature gives it a fluid boundary—or, from an eastern perspective, no boundary.
Image Credits
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Vitruvian_macrocosm.jpg
Human body with anatomical terms, Persian, 1893.Wellcome Collection.Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
A human anatomical figure. Drawing, Nepalese, ca. 1800 (?). Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
Anatomical diagram depicting the veins and artery's of the body. Ottoman Empire.Wellcome Collection.Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Source: Mol, Annemarie. “The Body Multiple: Ontology in Medical Practice.” (2003). p.59
lateral section of the hypogastrum. Engraving with etching by A.J. Defehrt after L.-J. Goussier. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
Sickle cell disease: liver. Credit: SB Lucas. CC0 1.0 Universal
Disease location: breast abscess. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Medicine Chest: David Livingstone. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Medicine man, Hausa, West Africa. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Chinese woodcut: Daoist internal alchemy (9). Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
Medicine of Aborigenal Peoples in the British Commonwealth Exhibition. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International
Works Cited
Yan Liu and Shigehisa Kuriyama, ‘Fluid Being: Mercury in Chinese Medicine and Alchemy’. In Fluid Matter(s): Flow and Transformation in the History of the Body, edited by Natalie Köhle and Shigehisa Kuriyama. Asian Studies Monograph Series 14. Canberra, ANU Press, 2020. doi.org/10.22459/FM.2020
Mol, Annemarie. The body multiple: Ontology in medical practice. Duke University Press, 2002.
Kleinman, Arthur. The illness narratives: Suffering, healing, and the human condition. Basic books, 2020.
身体：何为身体？身体包含了什么？身体的边界在哪里？
在西方视角下，身体由解破学意义上的诸多器官和结构组成，具有确定的形态。古希腊医学将身体剥离周遭的环境，通过寻找基础、论证要求和无可争议性来探寻医学。
印度医学和中医中的身体显得粗略且充满幻想，因为东方医学并不立足于解剖出的肢体的细节。阿育吠陀医学强调三种体液，它们在微观身体和宏观宇宙中创造联系。传统中医将身体、社会、宇宙视为一体，探索不同系统间的呼应、共振、交汇，在这些系统的统一中形成某种合体，并强调以“气”为核心的身体流动性。
身体是无形的。它在不断流动。它包含了身体系统、社会系统、宇宙系统的互动。因为身体的不断变化，它具有一个流动的边界——也可以说没有边界。
图片来源
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Vitruvian_macrocosm.jpg
Human body with anatomical terms, Persian, 1893.Wellcome Collection.Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
A human anatomical figure. Drawing, Nepalese, ca. 1800 (?). Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
Anatomical diagram depicting the veins and artery's of the body. Ottoman Empire.Wellcome Collection.Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Source: Mol, Annemarie. “The Body Multiple: Ontology in Medical Practice.” (2003). p.59
lateral section of the hypogastrum. Engraving with etching by A.J. Defehrt after L.-J. Goussier. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
Sickle cell disease: liver. Credit: SB Lucas. CC0 1.0 Universal
Disease location: breast abscess. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Medicine Chest: David Livingstone. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Medicine man, Hausa, West Africa. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Chinese woodcut: Daoist internal alchemy (9). Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
Medicine of Aborigenal Peoples in the British Commonwealth Exhibition. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International
作品引用
Yan Liu and Shigehisa Kuriyama, ‘Fluid Being: Mercury in Chinese Medicine and Alchemy’. In Fluid Matter(s): Flow and Transformation in the History of the Body, edited by Natalie Köhle and Shigehisa Kuriyama. Asian Studies Monograph Series 14. Canberra, ANU Press, 2020. doi.org/10.22459/FM.2020
Mol, Annemarie. The body multiple: Ontology in medical practice. Duke University Press, 2002.
Kleinman, Arthur. The illness narratives: Suffering, healing, and the human condition. Basic books, 2020.
Disease: What is a disease? Where can a disease be found?
Disease has ontologically multiple entities. A disease may manifest as distorted cells under a microscope for a pathologist, stenosis of vessels or damaged tissue for a surgeon, symptoms or ragged skin for a clinical doctor, or the paxiographically pain for a patient. A disease is enacted in different ways, all of which make up the disease.
It is important to consider disease within a particular historical or cultural context. For instance, sleep paralysis may be a psychological or physical symptom for us, but for those who live more primitive lives, it may be a spiritual experience.
A disease can be positioned into our bodily network. Some biological parameters, like the concentration of certain hormone, indicate its existence. A disease can also be subsumed within the realm of culture and society, therefore some social factors, like anxiety, determine people’s grasp of it. Disease should not be viewed as something fixed; instead, it must be mobilized in and out of bodily network and social network.
疾病：什么是疾病？疾病存在于哪里？
疾病具有不同的本体。对于一个病理学家，疾病或许是显微镜下扭曲异变的细胞；对于一个外科医生，它可能是血管异常的狭窄或是病变的组织；对于一个临床医生，它可能是某种症状，如溃烂的皮肤；对于病人，它可能仅仅是痛苦。疾病可以通过不同方式“发生”(be enacted).它具有多重本体论式的存在。
疾病需要被放置于特定的历史或文化语境中思考。例如，睡眠瘫痪在我们看来是一种生理性或心理上的症状，但是对于一些较为原始的部落而言它是一种精神性的体验。
疾病可以被放置在身体的网络之中。一些生物学的参数，如某种激素的浓度，可以表现疾病的存在。疾病同时也可以被归入文化和社会的领域，因此一些社会因素可以决定人们对疾病的认知，如焦虑文化。疾病不该被视作一成不变的，相反，它在身体系统和社会系统间不断游走。
Medicine: What is medicine? How does medicine work?
During my fieldwork in Nanjing, I found that medicine is widely believed to be something standardized, predicable, and objective. However, some medical practices, like hypnosis, can cause patients to respond in very different ways.
Alchemy, focusing on pursuing the eternity of body, was once believed to insinuate the deepest secrets of the cosmos and being and becoming. The products, the alleged medicine, intervene dynamic balance both in and outside body. Also, Chinese medicine develops from trial and error through the continuous gaining of clinical experience. Poisons and medicines were not conceived as fixed and opposed essences. Everything depended on how a substance was processed and how it was used. The context shaped whether a drug cured or killed someone.
If it were enough for bodies to be bodies, we wouldn’t need medicine. The very reason why medicine exists is because bodies are not self-sufficient. It makes sense of symptoms and manipulating fluid dynamics.
什么是医药？医药如何产生作用？
我在南京的田野调查告诉我，人们常常把医学视作某种标准化的、可预测的、客观的事物。然而，某些医术会在患者身上诱导出完全不同的回应，如催眠术。
炼金术追求身体的永恒性，曾被认为包含了宇宙、存在、变化的深奥秘密。炼金术产出的所谓医药对身体内外的动态平衡进行干涉。同样，中医在试错中积累临床经验。毒药和医药并不一直以对立状态存在。一切都取决于物质如何被处理、如何被使用。医疗语境决定一种药物的作用是“医”还是“杀”。
如果身体本身是完全的，那医药便不必存在。医药存在的意义仅仅因为身体并非自给自足。医药让症状可以被解释、流动的动态可以被控制。
Some medical practices of the Mongols
The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family of Mongolic peoples. The Mongols are bound together by a common heritage and ethnic identity. Their indigenous dialects are collectively known as the Mongolian language. The ancestors of the modern-day Mongols are referred to as Proto-Mongols.
Since ancient times, nomadic Mongols have been living in a cold and dry natural environment in the plateau. Despite their constitution having generally adapted to the natural geographical environment, they still suffer from various diseases of cold nature. Over the years, they have invented and accumulated a large amount of medical and healthcare knowledge catering to their lifestyle, working conditions, and geographical environment, which has gradually formed a basic ethnic medical system for balancing cold and heat.
1. Bloodletting
A significant aspect of Mongolian medicine among the herding community is its focus on prevention rather than cure. For the herders, it is better to build up the immunity of herd animals through appropriate herding practices and attention to the seasons and surrounding ecology, rather than wait to heal an individual once it has become sick. Mongolian will puncture ridges along different parts of the herd animal’s body to let blood out from the correct point. They jab body parts again when they find that blood is not flowing enough. They then leave the blood to spurt out, until its colour turns ‘pink’ and is no longer dark or viscous. Bloodletting is viewed as a necessary skill to ensure that individual horses retain a good level of immunity in spring, and also to ensure that they become strong and healthy during the season of growth. Prevention of illness is crucial to the herding family and the herd’s survival in an extreme environment. This is seasonal bloodletting.
2. Three roots (three essences)
Mongolian medicine has developed its special core basic theory called the three roots (or three essences) which refers to Heyi, Xila and Badagan. The three roots are not only the main material basis of human body, but also the important energy and power of human life activities. Heyi reflects the intrinsic motivation for the human body’s breathing, blood circulation, metabolic function, mental and physical activities and all life movement. It has the feat coarse, active, cool, tiny, and firm. Xila is mainly distributed in the human liver, gallbladder, and blood and is the source of body temperature, with the functions of regulating body temperature, promoting digestion, increasing appetite. It has the features of hot, sharp, greasy, light, smelly, fluid, and wet. Badagan means viscous liquid which makes the body strong and improves the memory of human-beings. It has the features of greasy, cold, heavy, slow, soft, hard, and sticky. Heyi, Xila and Badagan are different but they achieve a relatively stable equilibrium state with different proportions in human bodies.
3. Traditional Khorchin bonesetting manipulation
Traditional Khorchin bonesetting manipulation is a folk method of bonesetting originating around two hundred years ago in Inner Mongolia, and is derived from ancient Shamanism in northern China. With the guidance of traditional Mongolian medical theories, priority is given to manual reduction and splintage complemented with massage, medicines, diet and functional treatment. Mongolian Bone Setting is famous for its ability to treat illnesses related to bone fractures, joint dislocations, and soft tissue damage. Traditionally, the treatment consists of six parts: renovation, fixing, massage, herbal baths, care and recovery.
4. Kumiss (Koumiss) cure
Inner Mongolian people have accumulated a rich diet, in which they mainly eat dairy products and meat. Kumiss occupies the highest level of all consumed dairy products in Inner Mongolia. Kumiss is a traditional fermented dairy product with health and medicinal benefits. It is very popular in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. The results of relevant studies have shown that kumiss can regulate the gastrointestinal environment, improve the absorption of nutrients, improve the body's intolerance to lactose, enhance the body's immunity, prevent scurvy and atherosclerosis, and aid in the treatment of tuberculosis. It is particularly effective in the treatment of shock, chest distress and pericardial pain.
*All images and video segments taken by Natasha Fijn in Mongolia in 2017
*From https://www.ordosmymy.cn/
*https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/515769644
*https://www.centralasia-travel.com/en/countries/uzbekistan/cuisine/kumiss
Gula A, “History, Current Situation, and Future Development of Mongolian Medicine.” Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, 8 (1): 17-21 (2021).
Natasha Fijn, ‘Bloodletting in Mongolia: Three Visual Narratives’. In Fluid Matter(s): Flow and Transformation in the History of the Body, edited by Natalie Köhle and Shigehisa Kuriyama. Asian Studies Monograph Series 14. Canberra, ANU Press, 2020. doi.org/10.22459/FM.2020
Qu, Songbo, et al. "Mongolian medicine: History, development and existing problems." Chinese Herbal Medicines (2022).
http://innermongolia.chinadaily.com.cn/2017-06/27/c_82693.htm
Li, Qinyu, et al. "Effects of Koumiss on Intestinal Immune Modulation in Immunosuppressed Rats." Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022).
一些蒙古族医学实践
蒙古族是东亚及中亚的主要民族之一，主要分布在蒙古国及中华人民共和国北方。全球蒙古族人口约为一千万人，其中六百万人居住在中国大陆境内，其余的分布于蒙古国以及俄罗斯。于中国大陆的蒙古族主要居住于内蒙古自治区和新疆、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、甘肃、青海、河北等地区。现代蒙古人的祖先称为原始蒙古人，在经过蒙古帝国扩张与突厥人、通古斯人与汉人等族群混合后，形成今天的蒙古族。蒙古族所说的蒙古语属蒙古语系。
蒙古游牧民族自古以来就生活在高原寒冷且干燥的自然环境中。尽管他们逐渐适应了这种地理环境，仍容易因为寒冷的环境患有各种疾病。多年来，他们依据自己的生活方式、工作条件和地理环境，发明和积累了大量的医疗和保健知识，逐渐形成了特有的民族医学体系以平衡冷热。
1. 放血
蒙古医学的一个重要理念是重视预防而非治疗。对于牧民来说，相比于等到个体患病后才去治疗，通过适当的放牧习惯和关注季节及周围生态来建立群体动物的免疫力是更好的方法。蒙古人会将特殊的放血器具刺入动物身体的不同部位，让血液从正确的位置流出。当他们发现血液流动不足时，他们会再次刺入一些身体部位，然后让血液喷涌而出，直到血液由深色或粘稠变成粉红色。放血被认为是牧民的必要技能，可以确保每匹马在春天保持良好的免疫力，也可以使得它们在生长的季节变得强壮和健康。在极端的环境中，预防疾病对牧民家庭和畜群的生存至关重要。这是季节性的放血。
2. 三根
蒙医发展出了自己独特的核心理论，称为“三根”，即Heyi, Xila和Badagan。三根不仅是人体的主要物质基础，也是人类生命活动的重要能量和动力。Heyi反映了人体呼吸、血液循环、代谢功能、精神和身体活动以及所有生命运动的内在动力，它粗糙、活跃、凉爽、微小和坚固。Xila主要分布于人体的肝、胆、血中，是体温之源，具有调节体温、促进消化、增加食欲的作用。它具有热、锐、油、轻、臭、液、湿等特点。Badagan是一种粘性液体，能使身体强壮，提高人的记忆力。它具有油腻、寒冷、沉重、缓慢、软、硬、黏的特点。三者虽然不同，但它们能依靠在人体中所占比例的不同来达到相对稳定的平衡状态。
3. 传统科尔沁正骨术
传统科尔沁正骨术是起源于中国北方古代萨满教的一种民间正骨手法，距今已有200多年的历史。在蒙古族传统医学理论指导下，医师通过手法复位，以夹板为主，辅以按摩、药物、饮食、功能治疗等。蒙古正骨术以其治疗与骨折、关节脱位和软组织损伤有关的疾病而闻名。传统的治疗方法包括六部分：翻新、固定、按摩、药浴、护理和康复。
4. 酸马奶疗法
内蒙古人民饮食丰富，以乳制品和肉类为主。马奶在内蒙古所有消费乳制品中占有最高的地位。酸马奶是一种具有保健和药用价值的传统发酵乳制品，在内蒙古自治区很受欢迎。相关研究结果表明，酸马奶可调节胃肠环境，改善营养物质的吸收，改善机体对乳糖的不耐受，增强机体免疫力，预防坏血病和动脉粥样硬化，并有助于结核病的预防。酸马奶在治疗休克，胸部窘迫和心包疼痛方面尤为有效。
*All images and video segments taken by Natasha Fijn in Mongolia in 2017
*From https://www.ordosmymy.cn/
*https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/515769644
*https://www.centralasia-travel.com/en/countries/uzbekistan/cuisine/kumiss
Gula A, “History, Current Situation, and Future Development of Mongolian Medicine.” Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, 8 (1): 17-21 (2021).
Natasha Fijn, ‘Bloodletting in Mongolia: Three Visual Narratives’. In Fluid Matter(s): Flow and Transformation in the History of the Body, edited by Natalie Köhle and Shigehisa Kuriyama. Asian Studies Monograph Series 14. Canberra, ANU Press, 2020. doi.org/10.22459/FM.2020
Qu, Songbo, et al. "Mongolian medicine: History, development and existing problems." Chinese Herbal Medicines (2022).
http://innermongolia.chinadaily.com.cn/2017-06/27/c_82693.htm
Li, Qinyu, et al. "Effects of Koumiss on Intestinal Immune Modulation in Immunosuppressed Rats." Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2022).
Some medical practices of Yi nationality
The Yi ethnic group is known to many as the Nuosuo or Nuosu. There are about 9.5 million members in China, so they are one of biggest of China's 55 official ethnic groups. They live among related ethnic groups in southwestern China, both in mountains and in river valleys, and they are mainly in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces. Yi medicine emphasize Qixue and the connections among organs. It is built on the foundation of Qi (clean and dirty qi), Yin and Yang, the Five Elements (wuxing), solar terms (jieqi), and Bagua (the eight trigrams).
1. Deer Musk
Musk is a class of aromatic substances commonly used as base notes in perfumery. Deer musk is a substance with a persistent odor, obtained from the caudal glands of the male musk deer. Deer musk (leshe in Nasu language) is the first recorded animal drug (medical ingredients from animals). Ancient Yi people use it to treat snake bites, the first recorded disease. Yi people believe eating musk can boost one’s immunity to snake venom. Musk represents a large number of animal drugs.
2. Bloodletting under tongue
Blood viscosity in people can be extremely high and needs to be reduced. Yi doctors will use needles to puncture the veins around and perform the venesection if they notice that a patient's vein under the tongue is obstructed and appears dark and thick. Yi doctors will use leeches to suck the blood to ensure that there is no more vitiated blood left. Leeches are placed in bamboo pipes by doctors, and when they smell human blood, they bite and retract. This therapy is used to treat swelling, dizzy, and headache. Bloodletting under the tongue restores blood flow, similar to the leech therapy in Ayurvedic medicine, and makes the body dynamic and fluid once more.
3. Medicinal wine
Chinese medicinal wine is one type of a favorable food-drug product invented by Chinese ancestors for treating and preventing diseases, promoting people's health and corporeity, and enriching people's restorative culture. It plays an important role in gathering Yang energy (a kind of energy representing masculine, light and active in Chinese philosophy) by reinforcing their bodily fluid and nourishing the blood. The Yi nationality has a tradition of drinking alcohol, which helps explain why medicinal wine is used in Yi regions. There are some prescriptions of medicinal wine in Yi medical books like the Qisu Book (Qisushu), Book of Curing Diseases (Yibingshu), and A Good Medicinal Book for Curing Diseases (Yibinghaoyaoshu). Numerous illnesses, including rheumatism (fengshi) and traumatic injury, can be treated with medicinal wine.
4. Pine bark
A variety of medicinal plants are represented by pine bark in Yi medicine. Yi people have a distinctive dietary system for treating diseases and defending themselves against harms because they live in harsh mountain environments. Because of their close ties to Yi people and their numerous medical benefits, medicinal plants play a crucial role in Yi diet and therapy.
A variety of medicinal plants are represented by pine bark in Yi medicine. Yi people have a distinctive dietary system for treating diseases and defending themselves against harms because they live in harsh mountain environments. Because of their close ties to Yi people and their numerous medical benefits, medicinal plants play a crucial role in Yi diet and therapy.
5. Fumigation Therapy
In Yi medicine, there are two ways to practice Fumigation therapy. One method is to place the medicine on a hot slate, pour water or wine over it, and then have the patient step on it with both feet when the steam rises. The other option is to prepare a large pot with various herbs soaking in water. Above the pot is a large barrel in which the patient is placed. The pot's bottom and sides are burned with a small fire. When the medicinal liquid boils and steam forms, the patient's entire body is fumigated. Steam introduces medicine into the body through numerous pores, resulting in a healing effect. Fumigation therapy can treat gout, rheumatism, neuralgia, and other conditions.
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_musk
*https://pixabay.com/zh/photos/leech-therapy-treatment-entomology-1055446/
*https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2022/03/man-receives-venomous-bite-from-snake-wine-that-came-back-to-life/
*https://www.hhbky.com/zh-cn/yanghua/jiatingyanghua/50329.html
*https://recipes.hypotheses.org/tag/fumigation
Two musk-deer hiding under bushes. Coloured lithograph. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
Earthenware bleeding bowl, England, 1701-1900. Credit: Science Museum, London. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Leeches and foot. Lisa Allette Brooks, 2016. Lisa Allette Brooks © 2016.
Chinese Materia Dietetica, Ming: Alcoholic beverages. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
Branches of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Pen drawing. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
The anti-malaria school, Nettuno, Italy: a wooden trunk and its contents: fumigation equipment. Photograph, 1910/1940 (?).Wellcome Collection.Public Domain Mark
Nouvelle méthode de traiter les maladies vénériennes, par la fumigation: avec les procès-verbaux des guérisons opérés / [Pierre Lalouette]. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
《彝族医药史》李耕冬 贺廷超
一些彝族医术
彝族主要分布在中国西南地区，有约950万人口，是中国最大的少数民族之一。彝族人曾生活在云南和四川省的高山和河谷地区。彝族医药重视“气血”和各器官间的联结，以清浊两气、阴阳、五行、节气和八卦等为理论基石。
1. 麝香
麝香是一种有香味的物质，常常被用于香水制作。麝香的香味持续时间很久，是从雄性麝香鹿的尾腺中提取的。在彝语中麝香叫勒舍，是最早被记录下的动物药。古代彝族用麝香治疗蛇咬伤。蛇咬伤也是彝族最早有文字记载的疾病。彝族人认为食用麝香可以增强人对蛇毒的免疫力。彝族对于麝香要用的记载，最早出现在汉末《名医别录》中。汉医药书籍多记录麝香来源为“蛮人所采”并形容其功效“蛮人云：食之不畏蛇毒”。麝香是彝族使用的大量动物药的代表。
2. 舌下放血疗法
人体的血液粘稠度有时会过高，需要被降低。当彝族医生发现病人舌下静脉因被阻塞而又黑又粗时，会使用针来戳破左右的血管以放血。为保证淤血被清除干净，彝族医生会使用水蛭来吸血。水蛭会被放在竹筒中，在闻到血液气息后寻找血液来源并吸食血液。这一疗法可以治疗肿胀、头晕、头痛。这一疗法与阿育吠陀医学中的水蛭疗法十分相似，都注重让血液继续流动，使得身体进入动态流动的循环之中。
3. 药酒
中国药酒是一种广受喜爱的食物药，被古代中国人用来治疗和预防疾病以促进健康，它很大程度上丰富了医药文化。药酒可以促进阳气，加强身体中的液体循环并滋养血液。喝酒是彝族文化的重要部分，这有助于药酒在彝族地区的流行。彝族医术如《齐苏书》《医病书》《医病好药书》中都记载了很多药酒方子。药酒常被用来治疗风湿和外伤等疾病。
4. 松树皮
松树皮可以被用来治疗刀伤、跌打伤和内伤。松树汁液混合熟石灰粉末可外敷伤口，松树皮粉末与其他草药和酒混合可以口服治疗内伤。
松树皮代表了一系列彝医所使用的的植物药。彝族先民生活在艰苦的大山中，逐渐探索出独特的饮食和医药体系来防治疾病。植物药因与彝族的地缘关系和医疗功效而成为彝族医药的重要组成部分。
5. 药物薰蒸疗法
彝医的药物薰蒸疗法有两种。一是以药物置烧热的石板或土坯上，泼上水或酒，待蒸汽起时病人以双脚踏其上；二是备大锅一口，将所须各种草药悉数放入锅中，泡上水，上置一甑底，再以大木桶支于其上，然后锅底烧小火，患者入桶中，虚盖；药水热沸、蒸汽上升，薰蒸患者全身，以达疗效。蒸汽将药物经人体皮肤的孔穴全部带入身体以产生疗效，常被用于治疗痛风、风湿、神经痛等。
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_musk
*https://pixabay.com/zh/photos/leech-therapy-treatment-entomology-1055446/
*https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2022/03/man-receives-venomous-bite-from-snake-wine-that-came-back-to-life/
*https://www.hhbky.com/zh-cn/yanghua/jiatingyanghua/50329.html
*https://recipes.hypotheses.org/tag/fumigation
Two musk-deer hiding under bushes. Coloured lithograph. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
Earthenware bleeding bowl, England, 1701-1900. Credit: Science Museum, London. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Leeches and foot. Lisa Allette Brooks, 2016. Lisa Allette Brooks © 2016.
Chinese Materia Dietetica, Ming: Alcoholic beverages. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
Branches of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Pen drawing. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
The anti-malaria school, Nettuno, Italy: a wooden trunk and its contents: fumigation equipment. Photograph, 1910/1940 (?).Wellcome Collection.Public Domain Mark
Nouvelle méthode de traiter les maladies vénériennes, par la fumigation: avec les procès-verbaux des guérisons opérés / [Pierre Lalouette]. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
《彝族医药史》李耕冬 贺廷超
Some medical practices of Hui nationality
The Hui people are an East Asian ethnoreligious group predominantly composed of Chinese-speaking adherents of Islam. They are distributed throughout China, mainly in the northwestern provinces and in the Zhongyuan region. Hui medicine is based on both Islamic medicine and Chinese medicine, and is closely related to religion.
1. The Five Obligatory Acts of Worship
The Five Obligatory Acts of Worship (Shahadah, Salat, Siyam, Zakat, and Hajj) are not only an important aspect of Islam's religious system, but they also offer significant medical advantages. Hui people think that performing these deeds on a regular basis will improve one's mental condition by making one more serene and focused. Siyam is comparable to nestiatria in that it helps improve one's patience and willpower. Religion and medicine are intertwined in this medical practice. Muslims engage in systematic and routine bodily practice as part of the Islamic medical system. Such incorporation has given the Five Obligatory Acts of Worship a meaning that extends beyond their religious purpose—practitioners are doing good for their own bodies.
2. Spices
Spices have become a type of commodity in trading since the Silk Road connected Arabia and China. Spices facilitated the spread of culture, including some medical procedures. Hui medicine makes extensive use of spices. Hui people fostered the spread of spice and its use in drugs in China. Spice can treat ailments caused by Qi turbulence and aid digestion. Spices were introduced to China, which enriched Chinese medicine.
3. Huihui Yaofang
HuiHui YaoFang (Collection of Muslim Prescriptions) is a Muslim medical text of the early Ming period that mentions numerous drugs used in Persian medicine, offer abundant proof of the transfer of medical knowledge from Persia and Arabia to China. Each of the three content chapters in HHYF is organized around one or more disease categories. The largest is the detailed discussion of “wind” (feng) ailments, a completely Chinese concept but transferrable, with various subcategories. It occupies all of juan 12. Similar is the section on “various symptoms,” which occupies all juan 30. By contrast, Juan 34 is comprised of shorter discussions of wounds from metal objects, of broken bones. From HHYF, we can further see the ever-developing feature of medicine, since it continuously incorporates medical practices in other cultures into its own framework.
4. Yinshan Zhengyao
The Mongol courts official book of food, nutrition, and dietetics, the Yinshan Zhengyao (Essential knowledge for drinking and feasting"), was assembled by Hu Sihui and presented to Emperor Tugh Temur in 1330. It is a stunning work of synthesis and includes a great deal of Near Eastern culinary and medical lore.
In the YSZY, qi is clearly taking on the role of the great unifying flow of energy or subtle fluid or substance-behind-the-material that makes everything what it is and brings everything into one unified field. Concepts of harmony (he, heping) and resonance (ganying) are implicit. Foods, medicines, and diseases are consistently described in terms of qi flow or stagnation and the Five Phases, including the Five Major Organ Systems, Five Tastes, Five Scents, and so forth.
Its three juan cover an amazing range of foods. The first juan is made up of some general nutritional advice, followed by ninety-five "strange delicacies of combined flavors": recipes for principally Near Eastern and Central Asian dishes. The second is devoted to medicinal recipes, including fifty-seven drinks and liquids, sixty-one brief medicinal recipes for different sorts of animals and the like, another six recipes for Daoist preparations for immortality, and miscellaneous nutritional advice. This advice includes foods to avoid, food combinations to avoid, excesses to avoid, and other caretaking advice. The third juan provides accounts and pictures of the major foodstuffs mentioned in the other juan, as well as some further food animals and plants, for a total of 221 headings. These briefly provide medicinal values: heating or cooling, poisonous or not, and so on.
*G. DAGLI ORTI /DE AGOSTINI PICTURE LIBRARY / BRIDGEMAN IMAGES
*Kings and other devotees paying homage to Guru Nanak, as food and drinks are organised and served to a number of people. Gouache painting by an Indian painter. Credit: Wellcome Collection.
*https://www.foodtalks.cn/news/9190
*https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E5%9B%9E%E8%8D%AF%E6%96%B9
*来自：国立故宫博物院，大汗的世纪
https://theme.npm.edu.tw/khan/Article.aspx?sNo=03009148
Delhi: Jama Masjid, exterior view of east facade. Watercolour by Ghulam Ali Khan, ca. 1820. Public Domain Mark
https://unsplash.com/photos/0161tDc9kjs
Peking, Pechili province, China: an old Muslim cook with his assistant. Photograph by John Thomson, 1869. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
https://schottenhammer.net/2017/02/huihui-yaofang-%E5%9B%9E%E5%9B%9E%E8%97%A5%E6%96%B9/
https://ebrary.net/7722/geography/yinshan_hengyao
一些回族疗法
回族主要由中国的伊斯兰教信徒组成，主要分布在中国的西北和中原地区。回族医药基于伊斯兰医药和中医，和宗教紧密相关。
1. 五功
五功不仅仅是伊斯兰信仰的重要教条，也被认为具有许多医学益处。回族人认为定期练习五功可以提高精神状态，变得更加平和专注。斋戒的医学特性尤为明显，它与饥饿疗法十分相似，可以增强人的耐心和意志力。在这个医学实践中，宗教和医学本身融合。穆斯林进行有组织的和定期的身体时间，这一举措被整合进了整个医学体系之中。这一实践赋予了五功一个超越其宗教目的的含义——实践者通过它提升自己的身体。
2. 香料
香料在回药中被广泛使用。回民促进了香料在中国的传播并推进香料在药物中的应用。香料可以治疗气痢、一切气病，并促进脾胃。从唐代开始，回族先民对香药推广应用颇多贡献，如用香药防治疾病、薰洗衣物、化妆美容、调味食品、祛邪防腐等大大丰富了中医方药及治疗方法。
3. 《回回药方》
《回回药方》是明初的穆斯林医学文献，其中记载了大量波斯医学中使用的药物，为波斯和阿拉伯的医学知识传入中国提供了丰富的证据。《回回药方》的三个内容章节都是围绕疾病类别组织的。最详细的章节是对与“风”相关病症的详细讨论。“风”完全是一个中国文化中的概念，但可转移至不同的子类别中在回族医药文化的背景下被思考。它占据了全部的第12卷。类似的是"各种症状"这一节，占据了整个第30卷。相比之下,第34卷包括对金属物体造成的伤口，骨折等的简短讨论。从《回回药方》可以看出，医学是不断变更的，它一直在将各种别的文化中的医疗实践内化如自己的框架中。
4. 饮膳正要
元朝宫廷关于食物、营养和饮食学的官方书籍《饮膳正要》是由忽思慧汇编的，并于1330年呈给了元文宗。这是一部令人惊叹的综合性作品，包含了大量近东饮食和医学知识。
书中，气扮演者重要角色：维护并在整体上协调能量、流体、物质，使一切维持自己本身的状态，并将一切共同组成统一体。“和平”和“共鸣”的概念是模糊的。食物、药物和疾病一直被描述为气的流动或停滞以及五相，包括五大器官系统、五味、五香等等。
本书涵盖了惊人的食物范围。第一卷由一些一般的营养建议组成，并列出了95种所谓“混合风味的奇特佳肴”的近东和中亚的食谱。第二卷是医药方剂，包括五十七种饮料和液体，六十一种针对不同种类动物的简短药方等，另外六种道家长生不老药的方剂，以及各种营养建议。这些建议包括要避免的食物、要避免的食物组合、要避免过量等。第三卷提供了其余卷中提到的主要食物的描述和图片，以及更多的食用动物和植物，共221个标题。这些文字简略的介绍了药用价值，包括热性和凉性、是否有毒等。
*G. DAGLI ORTI /DE AGOSTINI PICTURE LIBRARY / BRIDGEMAN IMAGES
*Kings and other devotees paying homage to Guru Nanak, as food and drinks are organised and served to a number of people. Gouache painting by an Indian painter. Credit: Wellcome Collection.
*https://www.foodtalks.cn/news/9190
*https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E5%9B%9E%E8%8D%AF%E6%96%B9
*来自：国立故宫博物院，大汗的世纪
https://theme.npm.edu.tw/khan/Article.aspx?sNo=03009148
Delhi: Jama Masjid, exterior view of east facade. Watercolour by Ghulam Ali Khan, ca. 1820. Public Domain Mark
https://unsplash.com/photos/0161tDc9kjs
Peking, Pechili province, China: an old Muslim cook with his assistant. Photograph by John Thomson, 1869. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
https://schottenhammer.net/2017/02/huihui-yaofang-%E5%9B%9E%E5%9B%9E%E8%97%A5%E6%96%B9/
https://ebrary.net/7722/geography/yinshan_hengyao
*Chinese manuscript Cheng-jen Ming-t'ang t'u.Wellcome Collection.Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
*Acu-moxa chart: points of the head and face, Japanese woodcut. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
*Qigong exercise to rid the body of fatigue and exhaustion. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
*Acupuncture needle, China, 1701-1900. Credit: Science Museum, London. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
*TCM for epidemics: Guasha treatment, frontal view, back view, and Niansha. Credit: Wellcome Collection. In copyright
Acu-moxa chart: Yinqiao mai (Yin Heel Vessel), Chinese MS. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Chinese/Japanese Pulse Image chart:.Wellcome Collection.Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Chinese C18 woodcut: External medicine - Facial dermatitis. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
Acu-moxa chart: Small intestine channel of hand taiyang. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
Anatomical drawing: Sea of Qi and diaphragm, Chinese MS. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Chinese woodcut: Circulation of Qi during Qigong practice. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Transformations of fire Qi in Yin-Shen years, Chinese woodcut.Wellcome Collection.Public Domain Mark
C19 Chinese ink drawing: Location of various boils.Wellcome Collection.Public Domain Mark
Acupuncture points. Woodcut by a Japanese (?) artist. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
Acupuncture chart, lung channel of hand taiyin, Chinese. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
Ya Zuo, ‘Whence Cometh Sad Tears’. In Fluid Matter(s): Flow and Transformation in the History of the Body, edited by Natalie Köhle and Shigehisa Kuriyama. Asian Studies Monograph Series 14. Canberra, ANU Press, 2020. doi.org/10.22459/FM.2020
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/acupuncture
*Chinese manuscript Cheng-jen Ming-t'ang t'u.Wellcome Collection.Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
*Acu-moxa chart: points of the head and face, Japanese woodcut. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
*Qigong exercise to rid the body of fatigue and exhaustion. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
*Acupuncture needle, China, 1701-1900. Credit: Science Museum, London. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
*TCM for epidemics: Guasha treatment, frontal view, back view, and Niansha. Credit: Wellcome Collection. In copyright
Acu-moxa chart: Yinqiao mai (Yin Heel Vessel), Chinese MS. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Chinese/Japanese Pulse Image chart:.Wellcome Collection.Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Chinese C18 woodcut: External medicine - Facial dermatitis. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
Acu-moxa chart: Small intestine channel of hand taiyang. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
Anatomical drawing: Sea of Qi and diaphragm, Chinese MS. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Chinese woodcut: Circulation of Qi during Qigong practice. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Transformations of fire Qi in Yin-Shen years, Chinese woodcut.Wellcome Collection.Public Domain Mark
C19 Chinese ink drawing: Location of various boils.Wellcome Collection.Public Domain Mark
Acupuncture points. Woodcut by a Japanese (?) artist. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
Acupuncture chart, lung channel of hand taiyin, Chinese. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Public Domain Mark
Ya Zuo, ‘Whence Cometh Sad Tears’. In Fluid Matter(s): Flow and Transformation in the History of the Body, edited by Natalie Köhle and Shigehisa Kuriyama. Asian Studies Monograph Series 14. Canberra, ANU Press, 2020. doi.org/10.22459/FM.2020
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/acupuncture
Mo
The mo—also known as mai, luo, vessels, channels, tracts and meridians—express texture and time. Though they appear like static lines on the body beneath this text, mo are objects in motion. Texture and time, then, have technical terms. Mo sometimes can feel ‘rough’, ‘gentle’, ‘heavy’, ‘tight’ or ‘slippery’. Other times they could be ‘slow’, ‘delayed’ or ‘fast’. These technical terms worked as diagnostic tools. Mo extended to different depths of the body and occasionally reached the skin. A practised hand could press into the mo on the wrist and access its buried textures. These textures transmitted the state of internal organs. Mo communicated these textures and brought them to the surface, crossing the boundaries of a seemingly solid body.
Pulse-Feeling (qiemai) just means “feeling various mo”. It insinuates that some variation existing in the pulses can influence power and pain in body, and this therapy can be a method to trace the variation. Doctors do not only feel the so-called sphygmos in Greek medicine, but many signals of life. That’s why doctors check 12 different mo positions (maiwei). Doctors use fingers to feel different kinds of mo movement and diagnose abnormality of certain body parts.
Mo
脉表达了身体的质地和某种时间概念。虽然它们看起来像静态的线条，但脉实际上是运动的物体。因此，脉的质地和时间就有了专业术语——沉，浮，滑，腻，快，慢。这些技术术语也是诊断工具。脉延伸到身体的不同深处，偶尔也会到达皮肤。医生按压手腕上的脉，感知埋藏的质地。这些质地传递了内脏器官的状态。脉传达了这种质地并将它们带到身体表面，跨越了一个看似坚实的身体的边界。切脉是感觉各种各样的脉。切脉暗示了存在于脉冲中的一些变化会影响身体的力量和疼痛，而切脉可以作为追踪这种变化的方法。医生不仅能感受到希腊医学中所谓的sphygmos，还能感受到许多生命的信号。这就是为什么医生要检查12个不同的脉位。医生用手指来感觉脉的运动并诊断身体某些部位的异常。
Wangse (gazing upon colors)
Se, color of skin, goes beyond its literal meaning in Chinese medicine. The color represents inner feelings and changes in the body's "five elements." In Chinese medicine, the body is compared to a plant. Qi is related to Se in the same way that a tree trunk is related to its leaves. Doctors examine patients' faces as if they were plants, because in Chinese, phrases describing plants are also used to portray diseased bodies. Chinese doctors emphasize the gloss of color rather than the color itself: brilliant white symbolizes life, while bone-like white indicates death. The color fluctuation in different sections of the patient's body reflects the condition of various organs. Doctors employ Se as a lens to examine the body, unconsciously viewing the body and disease as a dynamic whole.
望色
色的字面意思是皮肤的颜色，但其内涵远不止如此。色反映了身体中内在感受和五行的变化。在中医里，身体类似于植物。气与色有关，正如树干与树叶有关。医生观察病人的脸就像观察植物一样，因为在汉语中，描述植物的词语也被用来描述病人的身体。中国医生注重色的光泽，而不是色本身，明亮的白色表示生命，而像骨头一样的白色表示死亡。患者身体不同部位的颜色变化反映了不同器官的状态。医生以色作为观察身体的透镜，将身体和疾病视为一个动态的整体中的局部。
Qi
This is not a practice, but rather a critical concept that necessitates multiple practices in order to maintain equilibrium.
Qi was imagined as a ubiquitous presence, pervading the cosmos and suffusing the human body, uniting microcosm and macrocosm in an all-embracing interdependence. It established an essential continuity between the inside and outside of the human body in medicine.
The ontological complexity of qi makes it difficult to translate. To begin with, qi was a physical presence—the stuff out of which everything in the world was produced. Etymologically and iconographically, it was associated with such things as clouds, air, mists, fogs, vapour and breath—elusive, intangible presences that nonetheless have a perceptible ‘thingness’ that fills up space and ‘stands in the way’ of physical processes.
Yet, qi was not just stuff. It was also a dynamic force that enabled movement and change. All processes and powers in the body could be traced to the working of qi. This is why qi is sometimes rendered as ‘energy’.
Finally, Qi regularly referred not just to the cause of change, but also to change itself. Qi was process and activity, with infinitely modulated variations. It was at once one and many, unitary and diverse. It is the vital core of the whole Chinese medicine.
气
气并不是一种实践，而是一个中医中重要的概念，大量的医学实践的目的是维系气的平衡。
气被想象为无处不在，遍及宇宙和人体，在包罗万象的相互依赖关系中统一微观世界和宏观世界。在医学上，它在人体内部和外部之间建立了基本的连续性。
“气”之所以难以翻译，是因为它在本体论上的多样性。首先，气是一种物质的存在，世界上的一切都是由它构成的。从词源学和图像学上讲，它与云，空气，雾，雾，蒸汽和呼吸等事物联系在一起，它是难以捉摸、无形的存在，但却有一种可感知性。它充满了空间，干涉物理过程。
然而，气不仅仅是物质。它也是一种动态的力量，它使运动和变化成为可能。身体所有经历的程序和力量都可以追溯到气。这就是为什么气有时被视为能量。
气还有第三个方面。气常指的不仅是变化的原因，更是变化本身。也就是说，气是过程和活动，具有无限调节的变化。它是唯一又是众多，是统一也是多元。它是整个中医理论的核心。
Acupuncture
Acupuncture is the process of inserting tiny, solid, metallic needles into the skin, which are subsequently triggered with gentle and particular movements of the practitioner's hands or with electrical stimulation.
Acupuncture is an old method of Traditional Chinese medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine practitioners believe the human body contains around 2,000 acupuncture sites linked by pathways or meridians. These routes provide an energy flow (Qi) across the body, which is responsible for overall health. Disruption of the energy flow can result in sickness. Acupuncture at specific locations is supposed to increase Qi flow and thus health.
Instead of needles, other forms of stimulation are sometimes used over the acupuncture points, including Heat (moxibustion), Pressure (acupressure), Friction, Suction (cupping), and Impulses of electromagnetic energy. Acupuncture is an effective treatment alone or in combination with conventional therapies to treat the following: Nausea caused by surgical anesthesia and cancer chemotherapy, Dental pain after surgery, Addiction, Headaches, Menstrual cramps, Tennis elbow, Fibromyalgia, Myofascial pain, Osteoarthritis, Low back pain, Carpal tunnel syndrome, and Asthma.
针灸
针灸是一种用细、实、金属针刺入皮肤的做法，这些针会通过从医师温和的特定手部动作或电刺激被“活化”，获得医疗效果。针灸是中医古老实践的一部分。中医认为，人体有超过2000个通过通道或经络相连的穴位。这些途径创造了一种贯穿身体的能量流(气)，它负责整体健康。气的中断会导致疾病。人们认为可以通过对某些穴位进行针刺来改善气的流动，从而改善健康。针灸穴位有时使用其他形式的刺激，包括热(灸)、压力(穴位按压)、摩擦、抽吸(拔罐)和电。针灸可以作为单独的疗法，也可以与常规疗法相结合，常被用于治疗以下疾病：手术麻醉和癌症化疗引起的恶心，手术后的牙痛，成瘾，头痛，月经痉挛，网球肘，纤维肌痛，肌筋膜痛，骨关节炎，腰痛，腕管综合征和哮喘。
Guasha
Guasha is a traditional Chinese therapeutic technique in which a trained practitioner strokes your skin while pressing on it with a smooth-edged implement. This motion causes petechiae, which are tiny, red, rash-like dots that appear under your skin.
Guasha is used to alleviate chronic pain all throughout the body. It is frequently combined with other complementary treatments such as herbal medicine, massage, acupuncture, and heat therapy. This procedure is thought to improve blood flow and produce a "lifting" effect on your skin, which may help reduce toxins in body and encourage recovery.
Guasha is a non-invasive intervention that influences blood flow from the outside.
刮痧
刮痧是一种传统的中国治疗方法，专业医师在按压皮肤时，用一种边缘光滑的工具来抚过皮肤。这个动作会使得皮肤下出现小的、红色的、类似皮疹的瘀点。人们用刮痧治疗全身慢性疼痛。刮痧的过程中常常伴随其他辅助疗法，如草药、按摩、针灸和热疗法。这一过程被认为有助于血液流动并促进皮肤，有助于减少体内毒素和促进疗愈。刮痧是一种通过外部途径影响血流的非侵入性干预措施。
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